Here we have the `AllOrNothing` and `ToUndefinedObject` type helpers from the previous exercise:

```typescript
type AllOrNothing<T> = T | ToUndefinedObject<T>;

type ToUndefinedObject<T> = Partial<Record<keyof T, undefined>>;
```

However, there's a slight hiccup.

Currently, the type helpers are a bit too flexible. It's not limited to just objects. It can also receive strings, numbers, undefined, null... any possible value.

This is not exactly what we want.

The type helpers should be modified to restrict the input to objects only, and add a warning mechanism for when unsuitable data types are passed in.

## Challenge

Your task is to find a constraint that we can add to `T` to ensure it only accepts specific types of values.

More specifically, we want the value to be an object to be the type that matches what we see in the test:

```typescript
Expect<Equal<AllOrNothing<{ a: string }>, { a: string } | { a?: undefined }>>
```

The main aim is to exclude `strings`, `numbers`, or `undefined` from the list of acceptable types. 

There's not a perfect solution, but we'll look at a couple possible ways to tackle this problem.

Hint: The key phrase you should be looking for is "generic constraints".

Resources:
- [Total TypeScript Generics Workshop](https://www.totaltypescript.com/workshops/typescript-generics)
- [Generics from the TypeScript Handbook](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/2/generics.html)

Generic type parameters can be constrained to accept only specific values, improving the reliability and predictability of your type helpers.

We'll start by taking a closer look at the concept of generic constraints in TypeScript. 

Imagine we have a runtime function `toUndefinedObject`, which accepts a type parameter `T` and returns an empty object:

```typescript
const toUndefinedObject = (t) => {
  return {};
}
```

If we want to constrain this runtime function to only accept an object, we can specify the type of `t` as `object`. Then when we call it with something that is not an object, TypeScript will throw an error:

```typescript
const toUndefinedObject = (t: object) => {
  return {};
}

toUndefinedObject(123123) // Error!
```

This works for the runtime version, but now we want to apply the same constraint to our `ToUndefinedObject` type helper.

## Using `extends` to Constrain Generic Type Parameters

In order to apply a similar constraint to `T` in our `ToUndefinedObject` type helper, we can use the `extends` keyword. 

Adding `extends object` will constrain `T` to the `object` type. This behaves in the same way as the constraint we mentioned earlier. 

```typescript
type ToUndefinedObject<T extends object> = Partial<Record<keyof T, undefined>>;
```

Now if we try to pass a string to `ToUndefinedObject`, TypeScript will throw an error because a string does not satisfy the `object` constraint.

```typescript
type Example = ToUndefinedObject<string> // Error: 'string' does not satisfy the constraint 'object'.
```

However, we are now getting a new error in the `AllOrNothing` type helper on the `ToUndefinedObject` branch because type `T` does not satisfy the constraint `object`.

```typescript
type AllOrNothing<T> = T | ToUndefinedObject<T>; // Error: Type 'T' does not satisfy the constraint 'object'.
```

We get this error because when there is not a constraint, the type defaults to `unknown`. 

To fix this, we need to constrain the `AllOrNothing` in the same way. 

```typescript
type AllOrNothing<T extends object> = T | ToUndefinedObject<T>;
```

With this constraint in place, TypeScript is now able to correctly handle our `AllOrNothing` type and will throw appropriate errors if the wrong type is passed in. 

## A Catch & Alternative Solution

There's a catch to this solution, though– the `object` type constraint is not perfect.

For example, it allows arrays of any type to be passed in, such as string or number arrays. This is due to TypeScript treating everything apart from primitives as an `object`.

```typescript
AllOrNothing<string[]> // No error!
```

An alternative solution that offers a bit more description is using `extends Record<string, any>`. 

This behaves the same as the `object` type but gives a clearer picture of what's happening. 

```typescript
type AllOrNothing<T extends Record<string, any>> = T | ToUndefinedObject<T>;

type ToUndefinedObject<T extends Record<string, any>> = Partial<Record<keyof T, undefined>>;
```

This solution demonstrates cascading constraints throughout the application and our types. You'll find this pattern of using generic constraints in many open source libraries. 

Enforcing constraints helps you prevent errors from occurring, and ensures your type helpers are being used in the correct way.

Enforcing constraints helps you prevent errors from occurring, and ensures your type helpers are being used in the correct way.

Add Generic Constraints to Type Helpers

[00:00] Generic constraints. Let's imagine that toUndefinedObject here was in fact a runtime function which took in a T and returned an empty object, let's say.

[00:10] So here then, you notice that T, we need to give it something in order to make sure that what we're passing it can be constrained or is constrained to something. So toUndefinedObject, we don't want to be able to pass it a string or a number or anything like that.

[00:24] We only want to be able to pass it a, I think the type that most corresponds to this is actually the object type, lowercase object type. Lowercase object kind of represents sort of any object really, and so we can now pass it an object with a bunch of different properties or things like that,

[00:41] and we can't pass it things like numbers, things like undefined, things like null. So this object looks like a pretty good constraint for this T, but how do we actually map it onto this T up here onto the toUndefinedObject type helper?

[00:57] How do we constrain this? Because you notice that we have to pass something to this one, we have to annotate it somehow, but with this one we can actually just leave it bare, we don't have to annotate it. But we can using the extends keyword, so T extends object.

[01:13] This behaves exactly the same way as this constraint here, where now if we say typeExample equals toUndefinedObject and we pass it in a string, now it's going to yell at us because typeString does not satisfy the constraint object.

[01:31] Same idea. So object is working okay. Now though we've still got all of these errors down here, we've still got this error here. Why is that happening? Well, it's because all or nothing, this one is still unconstrained. And so this means that type T does not satisfy the constraint object.

[01:48] When you don't have a constraint on something, it defaults it to unknown, or TypeScript treats it as if it were unknown. And so we need to constrain this one as well. So we need to say extends object here too. Now everything starts working because this all or nothing type is properly constrained.

[02:06] Like we now get proper errors if we don't pass in the right thing here. But this object type is not quite perfect. And in fact, when I was trying to research this, I didn't actually find a perfect solution for this. The reason it's not perfect is that you can actually pass in like arrays of things. So you can pass in string array here or number array.

[02:26] So that's, I think, because TypeScript really treats everything as an object. And so everything except for primitives as an object, really. The second solution I found, which is maybe a little bit more descriptive than this lowercase object type, is by using extend record string.

[02:45] This at least gives you a little bit more description as to what's happening here, but it behaves actually the same as the object type there. So it's not entirely perfect. But what you notice here is that we get these kind of like cascading constraints throughout our application and throughout kind of our types here.

[03:02] Because if we don't have, let's say, this one, then we're going to get an error. Oh, actually, no, if we don't have the other one, then we're going to get an error just up here because the thing that it relies on doesn't have the proper constraints.

[03:14] So that's a pattern that you see a lot in open source libraries, especially where they have these common constraints that need to flow in through different types and things like that. But generic constraints are extremely powerful for making sure that really that your type helpers are being used in the correct way.

Constraining a Type Helper to Accept Specific Values

[00:00] So we've introduced this new type helper into the code base. Everyone's happy, but there is a problem, which is we have like all or nothing can receive anything, like not just objects, like it can receive strings, numbers, undefined, null. Anything can be passed into this T here, which seems really, really strange.

[00:19] So we want to find a way where we can warn people if they pass in something that's unsuitable. We only want to allow them to pass in objects into here. And while you're at it, we might as well do the same with two undefined object as well, because, you know, one without the other, it looks a little bit strange. So your job is to try to find a constraint

[00:39] that we can add onto this T to make sure it only accepts certain types of values. And to also make sure that kind of the object is the thing that we want to be passed in here. This, there's no perfect solution to this, but really I just want you to get rid of a string or number or undefined from this. And I'll show you the limitations

[00:58] of the few solutions that there are. Anyway, generic constraints, that's what you're looking for. Good luck.

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Transcript

Constraining a Type Helper to Accept Specific Values

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