In this exercise, we have a `handleCustomError` function which takes in something with an `error code`.

```typescript
const handleCustomError = (error: unknown) => {
  console.error(error.code);

  type test = Expect<Equal<typeof error.code, number>>;
};
```

We only want to handle this type of `CustomError`, which is a class that extends `Error` and adds a `code` property:

```typescript
class CustomError extends Error {
  constructor(message: string, public code: number) {
    super(message);
    this.name = "CustomError";
  }
}
```

For example, We could create a new `CustomError` and pass it an example error message and code:

```typescript
const customError = new CustomError("Oh no", 401) 
```

Now this `customError` then has the type of `CustomError`, and we can use things like `instanceof customError` to check if it is a `CustomError`.

## Challenge

Your challenge is to type the `error` parameter to make sure that the `error` has a `code` and a `message`, and that the thing being passed in is a `CustomError`.

TypeScript allows for classes to be used as types or values. They are able to cross the boundary between the runtime world and the type world.

The solution here is actually beautifully simple.

We can update `handleCustomError` to specify `error` as a code number, with an accompanying `message` string:

```typescript
const handleCustomError = (error: {code: number; message: string}) => {
  ...
```

To demonstrate how it works now, let's create an example `customError`:

```typescript
const customError = new CustomError("Oh no", 401) 
```

Now we can call `handleCustomError` and pass in `customError` and everything will work as expected:

```typescript
handleCustomError(customError);

// hovering shows:

handleCustomError(error: {code: number; message: string;}): void
```

But since we specifically want to take in `CustomError`s with that exact shape, there's a more elegant solution.

TypeScript allows you to use the name of a class as a type, so we can update `handleCustomError` like so:

```typescript
const handleCustomError = (error: CustomError) => {
  ...
```

Classes have the property of being able to be used as either a type or a runtime value, which is pretty cool!

Using Classes in TypeScript

0:00 The solution here is actually beautifully simple. We can specify error as, I mean, we could specify as, let's say code number like this and maybe have a message on it string. If we pass something to it, so constCustomError is new CustomError. Let's set this up again, oh no, 401.

0:22 Then what we would get handleCustomError, we could just pass in this custom error and it would be happy. Because we specifically want to be able to take in custom errors with exactly that shape, then we can just pass in custom error like this. How cool is that?

0:40 We can actually use the name of the class as a type in Typescript. Classes have this funny property where they can actually cross boundaries a little bit and be used as either a type or a runtime value. Pretty cool.

Classes as Types and Values

0:00 In this exercise, we have a handleCustomError function, which takes in something with an error code here. We really want to only be handling this type of CustomError, which is a class which extends error and adds a code property to it.

0:16 We could potentially create a new CustomError, which instantiates new CustomError, passing it to ('Oh noo', 401) for instance. This CustomError then has the type of CustomError, and you can use things like instantof CustomError. We can say if let's say (customError instanceof CustomError) then we're happy and we know that it's customized.

0:43 It's a cool pattern that we've not really explored before in total TypeScript. The thing I'm interested in is how do we type this error parameter? We want to know that the error has a code on it, and we also probably want to know that the error has a message on it. We want to make sure the thing we're passing in is a CustomError. Good luck.

The Advanced Patterns workshop is a primer on several patterns that emerge from TypeScript's primitives. We'll build on the generics and type transformations work we've done so far - extracting methods for architecting them into novel solutions.

Most of these patterns aren't documented by TypeScript - they've been discovered and iterated on by the TypeScript community. Each section focuses on a different pattern via interactive exercises.

**This workshop is not appropriate for beginners.**

## Branded Types

Branded types (sometimes known as nominal types) let you break the rules of TypeScript by 'naming' types. This opens up a _lot_ of possibilities for using the type system to ensure your app's logic is robust.

## Globals

The often-feared global scope is a necessary part of most applications. Whether you're importing a library via CDN that attaches to `window`, or relying on environment variables, you'll need to know how to strongly type the global scope.

## Type Predicates & Assertion Functions

Type predicates and assertion functions give you the power to customize TypeScript's control flow. When used in combination with `if` statements, they can help improve inference and make your code easier to reason about.

## The Builder Pattern

This section builds on the Generics work we did in the previous workshop. We'll use classes and generics to perform ridiculous feats of inference - building up entire data structures in TypeScript without a single type annotation from the user.

## External Libraries

Diving into external libraries is extremely complex. But it's often necessary to debug complicated type errors. Understanding the flow of generics through an external library can be critical to quickly fixing red lines. We'll look at several popular libraries.

## Identity Functions

Sometimes in TypeScript, you just need a function. Some generic inference isn't possible without an identity function. We'll learn when and where to use them, as well as some powerful type helpers to assist their inference.

Intermediate to advanced workshop: Boost app logic, type global scopes, and debug with external libraries.

Advanced Patterns Workshop

Total TypeScript Core Volume is a set of four full TypeScript workshops for the intermediate to expert professional TypeScript programmer that wants to take their skills to the next level. This bundle also includes the Advanced React with TypeScript workshop that will give you expert-level knowledge for typing your React apps.

Type Transformations

TypeScript Generics

Advanced TypeScript Patterns

Advanced React with TypeScript

TypeScript Expert Interviews

Core Volume

Take your coding skills to the next level with this workshop and learn how to use type predicates, assertion functions, branded types, and more.

Advanced Workshop Welcome 

Branded types allow us to enforce certain logic on the type level so we can write safer code and impose constraints that aren't available in regular TypeScript.

What is a Branded Type?

Branded types can validate raw value data into types that will be correct no matter where they are passed in your application.

Assigning Branded Types to Values

Form Validation with Branded Types

Branded types can be used to confidently fetch data of a specific type. This is great for working with complicated data structures.

Add Branded Types to Functions and  Models

Using Branded Types as Entity Id’s

Using type helpers along with branded types provides a more reusable way of marking things as valid or invalid.

Combine Type Helpers with Branded Types

Creating Reusable Validity Checks with Branded Types and Type Helpers

Unit tests are great, but adding branded types provides another way to test validity on the type level.

Using Branded Types to Validate Code Logic

Creating Validation Boundaries with Branded Types

Here you'll learn an interesting property present when combining index signatures and branded types. 

Indexing an Object with Branded Types

Using Index Signatures with Branded Types

Covers three patterns used by the TypeScript community.

Nominal Typing from Basarat's TypeScript Deep Dive

How opaque types in Flow and TypeScript can make your code better, faster, more secure and easier to refactor.

Stronger JavaScript with Opaque Types by Charles Pick

Reference unique symbols in the TypeScript Handbook

unique symbol from the TypeScript Docs

Refresh yourself on type helpers with the Type Helpers section of the Type Transformations workshop.

Type Helpers from Total TypeScripts

Reference for Index Signatures in the TypeScript Handbook

Index Signatures from the TypeScript Docs

Branded Types

Functions in global scope can be accessed across projects. Use them carefully, as globals should be avoided when possible.

Add a Function to the Global Scope

TypeScript's Global Scope

It is possible to add functionality to existing TypeScript globals by taking advantage of declaration merging.

Use Declaration Merging to Add Functionality to the Global Window

Add Functionality to Existing Global Interfaces

Adding types to properties of global interfaces allows for autocompletion across your  project's files, even when they are within namespaces.

Typing process.env in the NodeJS Namespace

Add Types to Properties of Global Namespaced Interfaces

Globals can be used to communicate between files that don't necessarily import or export to each other. 

Solving the Colocation Problem with Globals

Colocating Types for Global Interfaces

A reference for Global Declarations in the TypeScript Handbook

Global Declarations from the TypeScript Docs

A reference for Declaration Merging in the TypeScript Handbook

Declaration Merging from the TypeScript Docs

See where window is declared in TypeScript's definition file for the DOM.

lib.dom.d.ts in the TypeScript Source on GitHub

The TypeScript definition file for the Node.js process object.

process.d.ts from @types/node on GitHub

Globals

Type predicates provide a useful way for ensuring types are what we expect them to be. 

Use a Type Predicate to Filter Types

Filtering with Type Predicates

Assertion functions make sure if types are valid or assignable to other types. They are great for writing clever checks.

Ensure Valid Types with an Assertion Function

Checking Types with Assertion Functions

There is a gotcha to assertion functions that can lead to TypeScript worst error message. Luckily, it's easy to avoid once you know the rule.

Declare Assertion Functions Properly to Avoid Confusing Errors

Avoiding TypeScript's Most Confusing Error 

Generics and type predicates make a powerful combination for getting good inference from TypeScript.

Filtering with Type Predicates and Generics

Combining Type Predicates with Generics

Using brands with type predicates provide an alternative to assertions, casting, and other type adjustments when checking for validity.

Checking for Validity with Brands and Type Predicates

Combining Brands and Type Predicates

Using brands with assertions produces a nice validation API with readable error messages.

Validate Types with Brands and Assertions

Combining Brands with Assertion Functions

Reference Type Predicates in the TypeScript Handbook

Type Predicates from the TypeScript Docs

Reference Assertion Functions in the TypeScript Handbook

Assertion Functions from the TypeScript Docs

Type Predicates and Assertion Functions

Learn how to use type predicates in TypeScript classes to improve type safety and streamline your code.

Type predicates can simplify your TypeScript code and make it more maintainable.

Simplifying TypeScript with Type Predicates

Dive into Classes with Type Predicates 

Type predicates and assertion functions can bring amazing inference to classes in TypeScript.

Leverage Assertion Functions for Better Inference in Classes

Assertion Functions and Classes

The builder pattern provides a powerful way to construct APIs that fit nicely with TypeScript.

Class Implementation Following the Builder Pattern

Alex, the creator of the TRPC library, walks through an example of the builder pattern.

TRPC's Creator on the Builder Pattern

The builder pattern can be used to remove unknowns and add type safety and  autocompletion by building upon generics.

Getters and Setters in the Builder Pattern

Create a Type Safe Map with the Builder Pattern

One small change can drastically change the behavior of your code and lose your type safety.

Default Generics in the Builder Pattern

Debugging the Builder Pattern

Combining generics with the builder pattern allows you to create chainable functions that work through dynamic inference of inputs and outputs.

The Power of Generics and the Builder Pattern

Building Chainable Middleware with the Builder Pattern

Colin, the creator of Zod, presents examples of subclassing in the library.

Subclassing in Zod

Build high-performance, scalable, and easy-to-use APIs for your applications.

TRPC's Documentation

Classes

Orta Therox, a former member of the core TypeScript team,  discusses how types that you don't define can make their way into your application code.

Where Do External Types Come From?

With some clever type transformations it's possible to extract and extend types from an external library that you don't control.

Retrieve Function Parameters from an External Library

Extract Types to Extend an External Library

Navigating Lodash's Type Definitions

It's important to use proper type arguments and generics when using library functions. Let's practice type definitions to determine what to use and their order.

Passing Type Arguments with Lodash

Finding Proper Type Arguments and Generics with Lodash

The Express types from Definitely Typed ensure that the REST APIs you build are generic and type safe.

Navigating Express's Type Definitions

By making a request function generic, we can effectively handle the query params.

Make an Express Request Function Generic

Add Query Params to an Express Request

Zod is a TypeScript library created with the goal of validating data types. Let's read through its type definitions to better understand the flow of generics.

Browsing Zod's Types

Using Zod allows you to create functions that are both runtime and type safe. This lets you accept different types of input without the need for casting.

Infer Runtime Arguments from a Zod Schema

Create a Runtime and Type Safe Function with Generics and Zod

Sometimes you need to add or override types from an external library. This can be done by using a declaration file.

Create a Declarations File to Override Types

Override External Library Types

The Lodash common module in the DefinitelyTyped repository.

Lodash Types from Definitely Typed on GitHub

See how types are defined for the popular library Express in the DefinitelyTyped project. 

Express Types from Definitely Typed on GitHub

See how the types for Arrays are defined in TypeScript's own source code.

Array from TypeScript's Types on GitHub

Build a deeper expertise with Zod in this free tutorial here on Total TypeScript.

Zod Tutorial on Total TypeScript

See how the Zod library defines its own types.

Zod's Types on GitHub

External Libraries

as const asserts type, but isn't always available. Identity functions with F.Narrow from ts-toolbelt improve inference in these cases.





Using const type parameters For Better Inference

Identity Functions as an Alternative to the `as const`

Constraining and Narrowing an Identity Function

Add Constraints to an Identity Function

Sometimes TypeScript infers when we don't want it to. The `NoInfer` type helps us avoid this problem.

Fix Inference Issues with the NoInfer Type

Specifying Where Inference Should Not Happen

Avoid Duplicate Code in an Identity Function with Generics

Find the Generic Flow of an Identity Function

Reverse mapped types allow changing inference in identity functions to infer from input, rather than output. Mind-bending, but cool!





Inference Inception in an Identity Function

Reverse Mapped Types

ts-toolbelt offers advanced utility types & functions for TypeScript that aren't available in the standard library, helping to write more type-safe code.








ts-toolbelt GitHub Repository

The Narrow utility type from ts-toolbelt can be helpful for narrowing union types in TypeScript, leading to more precise type checking.





F.Narrow from ts-toolbelt on GitHub

ts-toolbelt's NoInfer type prevents unwanted inference, leading to more precise and flexible type definitions in TypeScript.








F.NoInfer from ts-toolbelt on GitHub

TypeScript 5.0's const type parameters can be helpful for enforcing constant values in type definitions, leading to more reliable code.





Microsoft's announcement for TypeScript 5.0 Beta

Mapping over a union to create an object using TypeScript's mapped types can be helpful for generating complex types with ease and flexibility.





The Mapped Types Module of the Type Transformations Workshop

Identity Functions

Add Objects to the Global Scope Dynamically

Merge Dynamic Objects with Global Objects

Practice typing a TypeScript wrapper function for a fruit array that returns a fruit object based on name. Use generics and ts-toolbelt

Narrowing with Arrays and Generics

Narrowing with an Array

Type-Safe Request Handlers with Zod and Express

Create a Type-Safe Request Handler with Zod and Express

Dynamic Reducer with Generic Types

Building a Dynamic Reducer

 Explore React typings to add a custom element to JSX.IntrinsicElements, defining required props and children, and utilizing HTML props.

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Classes as Types and Values

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